A 58-year-old man presents to the family practice clinic with a 2-year history of chronic low back pain that interferes with his work as a warehouse supervisor. He has had no benefit from regular acetaminophen, naproxen, a supervised exercise program and physiotherapy. Imaging shows degenerative changes of the lumbar spine, and there are no red flags or neurological deficits on examination. He has mild COPD and takes lorazepam 0.5 mg at bedtime for sleep. He has no history of substance use disorder or active psychiatric disorder, and he has never taken an opioid. After a shared decision-making discussion, an opioid trial is planned.
| Heart rate | 76/min |
| Respiratory rate | 16/min |
| Temperature | 36.8 °C |
| O2 saturation | 94%, room air |
| Blood pressure | 138/84 mm Hg |
Question 1 of 3
Which one of the following is the most appropriate opioid to prescribe for this patient?
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